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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Aula 6: Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Conteúdo Programático desta aula
Study the concept of Active and Passive Voice;
Analyze the Syntactic, Semantic and Stylistic forms of the Active and Passive Voices.
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.
The cat ate the mouse, the verb "ate" is in the active voice.
The mouse was eaten by the cat, the verbal phrase "was eaten" is passive.
The hunter killed the bear, the verb "killed" is in the active voice, and the doer of the action is the "hunter". 
The bear was killed by the hunter, the verbal phrase "was killed" is followed by the word "by" and then by the doer "hunter".
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
NOTE:   Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. 
‘Colorful parrots live in the rain forests’ cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have an object. (the verb is intransitive)
‘He is happy’ cannot be changed to passive voice because the sentence does not have an object. (the verb is a linking one)
 
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE
 
Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." To lack is another example: we can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked.“ 
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE
The active voice is the most commonly used in many languages and represents the "normal" case, in which the subject of the verb is the agent. The thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. 
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
The professor (subject doing action) teacher ( active verb) the students (object receiving action).
John (subject doing action) washes (active verb) the dishes(object receiving action).
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PASSIVE
The passive voice is employed in a clause whose subject expresses the theme or patient of the verb. That is, it undergoes an action or has its state changed. 
 
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
The students (subject receiving action) are taught (passive verb) by the professor (object doing action).
The dishes (subject receiving action) are washed (passive verb) by John(object doing action).
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
The passive forms of a verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." 
A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." 
Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence: 
PASSIVE VERB FORMATION
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE - PASSIVE
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE - PASSIVE
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE - PASSIVE
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE - PASSIVE
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE - PASSIVE
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
ACTIVE - PASSIVE
So, when rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PASSIVE VOICE SENTENCE -ACTIVE VOICE SENTENCE
Move the passive sentence's subject into the Active sentence's direct object slot
Remove the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed
Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition by into the subject slot.
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PASSIVE VOICE SENTENCE -ACTIVE VOICE SENTENCE
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PASSIVE SENTENCES WITH TWO OBJECTS
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL PASSIVE
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
They build houses. – Houses are built.
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. Portuguese, German). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
The passive voice does exist for a reason, however, and its presence is not always to be despised. The passive is particularly useful (even recommended) in the following situations:
 
1. When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon: 
The unidentified victim was apparently struck during the early morning hours. 
The high-jump record was finally broken last Saturday.
A suspect was questioned for sixteen hours by the police.
 
2. When the doer of the action is unknown, unwanted, or unneeded in the sentence:
The aurora borealis can be observed in the early morning hours.
The ballots have been counted.
Sometimes our efforts are not fully appreciated.
SO WHEN IS IT OK TO USE THE PASSIVE?
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
3. When the agent of the action is obvious from the context:
I was born in March of '55. (Everyone knows that it was my mother bore me then)
 
4. To connect ideas in different clauses more clearly:
Pharmacologists would like to study the natural ‘pharmacy’ known as the rainforest, if this can be done before clear-cutting destroys it. (in this sentence, keeping THIS near the first clause makes the sentence’s meaning clearer)
The music was being played too loud by the students, who were finally asked to turn it down.
 
5. To make generic statements, announcements, and explanations:
Something
should be done about the traffic jams in this town.
It's said that it's going to rain tonight.(Often, people will say, 'They say that it's going to rain tonight', the they being the weatherman.)
SO WHEN IS IT OK TO USE THE PASSIVE?
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
Is the doer/actor indicated? Should you indicate him/her/it?
Does it really matter who’s responsible for the action?
Would your reader ask you to clarify a sentence because of an issue related to your use of the passive?
Do you use a passive construction in your thesis statement?
Do you use the passive as a crutch in summarizing a plot or history, or in describing something?
Do you want to emphasize the object?
EVALUATE
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
1. Use of the passive voice constitutes a grammatical error.
Use of the passive voice is not a grammatical error. It’s a stylistic issue that pertains to clarity—that is, there are times when using the passive voice can prevent a reader from understanding what you mean.
 
2. The passive voice always avoids the first person; if something is in first person (“I” or “we”) it’s also in the active voice.
On the contrary, you can very easily use the passive voice in the first person. Here’s an example: “I was hit by the dodgeball.”
 
3. You should never use the passive voice.
While the passive voice can weaken the clarity of your writing, there are times when the passive voice is OK and even preferable.
MYTHS
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
1. Rewrite the following sentence in the Passive Voice: “David has sold the company”.
a) The company was sold by David.
b) The company has been sold by David.
c) The company had been sold by David.
d) The company was being sold by David.
e) The company was going to be sold by David.
 
2. Which sentence is in the impersonal passive?
a) The window was opened by Anna.
b) Money is collected by John.
c) She is known to be a good swimmer
d) The question was answered by Julie
e) They did not offer her a seat.
LET’S PRACTICE
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LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
Here you can find some exercises on passive voice:
http://www.towson.edu/ows/indexexercises.htm
Passive Voice
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzHz2HsHhgU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QI7so1pDcWI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAwUXUdFnZo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePfmgMTgXl8
Passives | Johnny Grammar | Learn English | British Council
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ApXvfCc1HI
ESL - Passive Voice.mov
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbVAH-EcoFs
The Canterville Ghost (highlighted verbs in Passive Voice)
http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/literature/canterville-ghost?param=part1&mark=passive
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
TAKE A LOOK!
Active and passive voice part1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1LNXtyW_EQ
Passive Voice Part 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR2lIzjKolk
Asking questions in the passive voice (Part 2 of 2) - Learn the passive - Part 3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkBdXnDUthw
English Grammar Clip - Passive Voice
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WNk4q3K2CFM
Why use the passive voice?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI4mwcCftdM&feature=endscreen
Vozes Verbais - Voz Ativa E Voz Passiva – Aula 6
LÍNGUA INGLESA ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA I
RESUMINDO
Studied the concept of Active and Passive Voice;
Analyzed the Syntactic, Semantic and Stylistic forms of the Active and Passive Voices.