Aula_06

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INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Aula 6- Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
In this class, you will be able to:
Understand the relation between Genitive, Gerund and noun phrases.
- Distinguish Countable nouns from uncountable nouns.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Introduction
Words are classified according to the work they perform inside the structure of a sentence. Consequently, we can conclude that words that belong to the same word class play the same type of function. Each word plays a specific role in the sentence and their jobs are quite different from each other. The jobs done by verbs, for example are quite different from those done by prepositions.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
See the example below:
Those three intelligent girls have already studied at Estácio.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
 “Nouns can be grouped into a small number of classes which differ in meaning and grammatical behavior. There is a first distinction between common and proper nouns. Common nouns can be either countable or uncountable.(…)” (BIBER< CONRAD and LEECH, 2011, p. 58). 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Let’s check the examples:
The History teacher, Mister Herman Melville, read the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America. The document affirms autonomy to the country that fought for political respect.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Proper nouns - name of a specific individual, place, or object, as for example England, Brazil, Oscar Wilde
Common nouns - a noun that refers to each member of a whole class sharing the features connoted by the noun, as for example orange, planet, car, man.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The common nouns can also be considered countable or uncountable. Let´s go ahead?
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Countable nouns: car, problem, etc.
Countable nouns are people or things which we can count. Tey have both a singular and a plural form.
Singular: train, city, problem.
Plural: trains, cities, problems. 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Countable nouns: car, problem, etc.
We can also use A or AN, THE or numbers with countable nouns:
A car – the car- the cars – two cars
A minute – twenty minutes – the minute you arrived
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Countable nouns: car, problem, etc.
Words and phrases like many, several, a few, a number of, both, a couple of can be used with countable nouns:
Several accidents – a number of people – a few problems
A couple of people – both students
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Which are the eight countable nouns in this news report?
“Four cows escaped from the market at Winford this morning. It took three police officers and several farmers over an hour to catch them. Two old women were hurt when the cows ran down the main street.”
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Ok, but…how is the plural in English? Is a single –s enough?
The plural, im most cases, is formed by adding an –s to the end of the word in the singular:
Lamp – lamps
Student – students
State – states
But, in English, there are other rules for the plural...
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Nouns ending in –s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, -o form the plural by adding -ES.
Boss – bosses
Buzz – buzzes
Potato – potatoes
Box – boxes
Dish – dishes
Church - churches
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
2. Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed into a plural by changing -y to -ies.
City – cities
Lady – ladies
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Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
3. Nouns ending in -y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by adding -s
Boy – boys
Day - days
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
4. Some nouns ending in -f or -fe are made plural by changing -f or -fe to -ves.
Wife – wives
Knife – knives
Leaf - leaves
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Uncountable nouns: air, courage, etc.
Uncountable nouns are things that we can´t count. They have NO PLURAL FORMS. AIR, for example, is an uncountable noun. We can´t say “one air, two airs”.
Most uncountable nouns are:
 materials or substances: air, water, smoke, etc.
Feelings or qualities: courage, love, anger, etc.
Abstract ideas: safety, justice, freedom, etc.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Possession in English – the genitive case (possessive case)
The genitive case is predominantly the form used to indicate possession.  It is usually created by adding 's to the word or by preceding it with "of". See the examples:
The boy’s pet.
The pet of the boy.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Genitive case rules
We normally use -‘s for people, animals, or places:
- Liz’s computer isn’t working. - Those aren’t my sneakers. They’re my sister’s. - The dog’s food bowl is empty. - New York City’s crime rate is at an all time low.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
You can use -‘s with time expressions and periods of time:
Have you seen the headline on the front page of today’s newspaper? - Santa Barbara is about an hour’s drive from Los Angeles.
Remember that for plural nouns we use s + apostrophe, -s’: 
- My brothers’ wives are very nice. (two or more brothers) - The cats’ toys are in the box. (two or more cats) - I have three months’ vacation.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
For things, ideas etc., we normally use of:
- The price of a university education in The U.S. is extremely high. (NOT the university education’s price) - The color of his shirt is the same as his shoes. (NOT the shirt’s color) - The source of her depression comes from a failing marriage. (NOT her depression’s source)
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Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Gerund X Infinitive
 In order to start our discussion, let’s think about some initial and instigating questions: Do you know what gerund is? Do you know what infinitive is?
Take a look at the examples below:
 
a. Gerald is sure about his love forJenna. He wants to marry her.
b. Silence! Gerald is proposing to Jenna!!
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The form of the verb that ends in -ing is called a Gerund when used as a noun. Because their function is that of a noun, gerunds may be used as the subject of a sentence:
 
Running regularly will make you feel better.
Studying requires most of my time during the day.
 
The -ing form can also be called a present participle; however, the function is that of a verb when used in the present or past progressive:
 
The teacher is speaking to her students.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
There are some verbs that must be followed by a gerund. Example:
 
I enjoy studying.	Would you mind being quiet?
 
The following verbs MUST be followed by a gerund:
 
Admit-discuss-finish-miss-quit-give up-postpone
	stop (=quit) 	avoid 		resist
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Verbs of Emotion:
	
Factual: Did you like dancing last night?
Possible: Do you like to dance?
 
Verbs of fulfillment/unfulfillment:
 Factual: I started doing my homework and question #1 is really hard.
 Possible: Did you start to do your homework?
 
A Gerund will follow a preposition:
 
Thank you for helping me.
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
However, if there is a second object complement, an infinitive is used. (*see another example)
 
 -The doctor advised me to reduce my fat intake. 
-He urged me to give up fried food. 
-He encouraged me to steam and boil my food but forbade me to fry things in oil. 
-This has required me to change a lot of old habits. 
 
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
These are some verbs that follow the preceding pattern:
 
 advise	force		allow		tell
persuade	require		permit		remind
urge		forbid		invite		warm
encourage	command	trust		teach	
convince	order		cause		hire
 
More examples: 	I trust my doctor to do the job right.
			They hired him to solve the problems here.
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive:
 
attempt	continue	intend		plan
begin		dread		like		prefer
hate		love		start		stop
try 		cannot stand
The following verbs may be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive:
 
attempt	continue	intend		plan
begin		dread		like		prefer
hate		love		start		stop
try 		cannot stand	
	
Tema da Apresentação
Aula 6-Nouns and noun phrases: countable and uncountable nouns
INGLÊS ESTRUTURA BÁSICA
Gerund or infinitive?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SK_vaKuLwnw
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