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SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SOME SOUNDS 
Because we wouldn’t have space to cover every detail of pronunciation, we spared some 
aspects which are generally problematic for Brazilian learners. PEGUE UM ESPELHO E MÃOS A 
OBRA!! 
1) H – /r/ To pronounce this letter you must relax your throat and sigh. SINTA O AR SAIR 
CONTINUAMENTE!! 
It is not an ‘R’ sound!! 
Ex. Help, Hat, HouseHold, beHind, unHappy, Hero. 
Do you want to practice? 
Who is he?/ Who hides behind the house?/ Here is his hometown./ Hi. How is Herbert?/ He’s a 
hero. 
* Be careful! The words below ‘begin’ with the H SOUND: who, whose, whole… 
The H sound will not be pronounced in some words: Hour, Honesty, Honour, dishonest… 
Attention! When we link pronouns beginning with H, we generally don’t pronounce it. 
More practice with “silent H” (read!): 
IS HE? sounds like izzy. IS HE (IZZI) her boyfriend? 
GIVE HER sounds like giver. I’ll GIVE HER (GIVER) a present. 
WOULD HE? sounds like woody. WOULD HE (WOODY) come? 
Now go the site http://funeasyenglish.com/american-english-pronunciation-lesson-44.htm . 
Watch the video explanation. Listen and repeat the words with /h/. 
2) R – /r/ It has two sounds: 
R1 - It happens at the beginning of words, between vowels or after consonants. The American 
English only uses R1. (like ‘caipira’: veRde, poRta, caRne) 
In American English it also happens at the end of words when it is the last sound. 
Ex. Rat, Race, Root, very, trunk, bRing, zeRo, caRRy, Rock, gReen, euRope, caR… 
R2 - In British English, it occurs after vowels which are before consonants and at the end of 
words. It is absorbed by the preceded vowel – não é considerado um som. 
Para entender melhor, volte ao chart de transcrição fonética e compare palavras com ‘r’ em 
British and American accents. Attention to the diphthongs followed by ‘r’ *example: eəʳ, ɪəʳ, 
ʊəʳ] 
Now, repeat the sequence in two different ways: 
1) Using American accent (r caipira); 
2) Using British accent (não pronunciado, mas absorvido pela vogal) 
Ex.: baR, caRt, fiRm, heaR, colouR, seRve, dooR, haRd,skiRt, wateR, puRe 
Compare: 
Later period – later on / or the orange – or an orange / Sir John – Sir Anthony. If the “r” 
precedes a consonant (which begins the next word) it will be R2. If it precedes a vowel, it will 
be R1. 
Wanna practice more? 
Ring me tomorrow morning. Roy arrives from a trip around the world. The ruler and eraser are 
on your right. 
Do not confuse! Red – Head; Ride – Hide; Roof – Hoof 
3) TH SOUND - a general difficulty for Brazilians! We don’t have this sound in Portuguese. 
Surdo ou sonoro? It may be both. They are very similar. They are made putting your tongue 
between your teeth so that the tip of your tongue is touching the tips of your top 
teeth. 
a) Voiceless (surdo) /θ/: faça o procedimento acima soprando ar entre os dentes. Não 
adianta esconder a língual!! You can observe that with this sound there is no vibration 
of the vocal cords. Our ex-president Lula always makes use of this sound when he 
wants to pronounce the S sound in Portuguese… Instead of "Somos" he says 
"THomoTH". PARECE ‘S’ MAS NÃO É!! Também não é ‘f’ ou ‘t’! 
Ex.: THink, THought, breaTH, THank you, THumb, THin, auTHor, someTHing, 
birTHday, baTHroom, cloTH, norTH, tooTH, monTH, noTHing… 
Attention! Don’t confuse! 
Thin x sin / think x sink / thank x sank / thing x sing / thick x sick / thin x tin (open) x fin / 
thought x sought / three x free x tree / thinker x finger… 
Practice the voiceless th: 
Thank you, Theodore. I’m thinking through three things. 
Brush your teeth with a toothbrush in the bathroom. 
Thirty-three people think that Thursday is their thirtieth birthday. 
 
b) Voiced /ð/: A sort of small buzzing bee sound. Make a /z/ with your tongue within 
your teeth. This way, you will be blowing the air and vibrating your cords. Repita o 
procedimento padrão, mas desta vez usando suas cordas vocais. PARECE ‘Z’ ou ‘D’, 
MAS NÃO É!! 
Ex. Ex.: THat, THis, THough, breaTHe, THose THe, THis, THat, THese, THeir, oTHer, 
broTHer, faTHer, cloTHes, wiTH. 
 
Don’t confuse: Their x dare; they x day; loath (hate) x load (carry), writhe (torcer) x rise, 
breathe x breeze. 
Practice: Whenever the weather is cold, whenever the weather is hot, we’ll wear the coat. 
Whatever the weather, whether we like it or not. That’s right! 
To listen to this sound visit the site http://www.soundsofenglish.org/pronunciation/th.html . 
Listen, compare and practice it! 
GO to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag4qoNzEH4w WATCH the video and practice the 
sounds. 
4) CH/TCH – / tʃ /- it has 2 sounds in English: 
a) like our ‘tchê’ gaucho: choice, children, cheap, teacher, rich, kitchen, achieve, 
watch, switch, butcher, witch,; 
b) /k/ sound: chaos, chemistry, high-tech, epoch, architect, alchemy; 
 
 In French words = NOSSO SOM DE ch/x: chauffer, moustache, 
machine, champagne. 
 
Practice: The butcher pushed the witch for alchemy techniques. 
The architect lived in a chaotic epoch. 
My chauffer loves champagne. 
 
5) L – /l/ - Nós brasileiros temos o costume de raramente pronunciar este fonema no fim 
das palavras. Quando falamos as palavras ‘automóvel’, Portugal, por exemplo, 
geralmente o substituímos pelo /u/ (automóveu/Portugau). Essa cômoda mania 
acaba se transferindo erroneamente para o inglês. But, we need to have in mind that, 
in English, this substitution is not possible. To produce this phoneme we need to touch 
the ‘roof of the mouth’ (céu da boca). 
Ex.: well, alcohol, old, cold, pencil, ball, call, seal, able, all, help, gold… 
 Exceptions where the ‘l’ disappears: walk, talk. 
Observe the following words: Consonant + -le, where –le termination also represents the /l/ 
sound: 
Paddle (remar), candle, little, bottle, turtle, title, gentle, principle, people, couple, uncle, 
acceptable, puzzle, cycle, article, vehicle 
Practice: She’s able to walk well through the aisles on the island. We’re puzzled by the people’s 
principles. 
DOUBTS in pronouncing /l/?? GO TO http://www.rachelsenglish.com/consonant_l 
6) WORDS ENDED IN CONSONANTS: 
 
Cariocas adoram acrescentar um som de vogal a um som de consoante final. Esquecem-se que 
inglês é uma língua extremamente ‘consonantal’. Por exemplo, para falar a palavra ‘club’, 
muitos acrescentariam – até mesmo inconscientemente – um i: ‘clubi’. But never add a vowel 
sound after the last consonant. And don’t omit the last consonant either… 
Ex.: great, adult, husband, much, room, clean, well, enough, off, miss, cook, big, step. 
 
7) WORDS ENDED IN CONSONANT + ‘E’: 
 
In this case /e/ is not pronounced. O ultimo som a ser pronunciado é a última consoante: 
Ex.: tube, joke, face, tongue, come, late, wine, nurse, orange… 
 
i. with ‘STLE’, the ‘t’ and ‘e’ are omitted (permanecem o /s/ e o /l/: 
castle (sounds like ‘késsol’), apostle, nestle 
ii. in compound words ‘e’ is also omitted: sometimes, lifestyle, namely, 
candlelight; 
 
8) Words ended in ‘ng’ 
 
In this case the ‘n’ sound must be long and the ‘g’ sound must be omitted. 
Ex.: listening, talking, accelerating, singing, buying, writing 
Practice: Going shopping, dancing and swimming is thrilling. 
Visit http://www.rachelsenglish.com/consonant_ng to visualize and listen to it! 
 
9) THE SCHWA SOUND! – What the hell is it? 
Retorne ao chart de fonemas do início da aula. Encontre o símbolo /ə/. O que ele significa? 
Ele é um som para representar vogais átonas, tão importante que tem até nome: SCHWA. Vem 
de duas palavras alemãs: Schwaches (fraco) e Ausspruch (pronúncia). 
Mas temos uma boa notícia! It is the easiest sound to produce! Porém é o mais frequente!
Let’s see: 
- Make the sound ^ very short. It is always unstressed. We use this sound in many words and 
syllables that are not important and not stressed. The mouth is in neutral position. 
Ex.: AVÁILABLE – qual a sílaba tônica? O segundo ‘a’. Então todas as outras vogais terão o som 
/ə/ - som de schwa! 
Aváilable (4 sílabas, 1 sílaba tônica, 3 schwas) 
Observe as vogais com esse som (em sílabas átonas, marcadas em vermelho). Lembre-se que 
as demais vogais ou são da sílaba tônica ou são suprimidas pelas consoantes: 
Ex.: Brazilian, bananas, tomatoes, a problem, an onion, some chocolate, excellent, terrible… 
Now please, GO to the site 
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/schwa/ to 
visualize and listen to this sound. Practice it! 
 
10) HOMOPHONES 
These are words that have different spelling but sound the same. Em português temos muitos 
casos, por exemplo: coser/cozer – sessão/cessão/seção 
Já em inglês temos: 
Heel - Heal : /hi:l/; Flour – flower: /flaʊər/; sail – sale: /seɪl/; write – right: /raɪt/ 
Ou seja: essas palavras são bastante diferentes na escrita, mas iguais na fala. Muitos alunos 
não têm uma audição bem treinada, e só passam a perceber a diferença quando estudam e 
praticam tais palavras e sons. 
Now visit the site http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/homophones.htm and have 
more examples. 
Then go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhVYwIPNji0 and watch the video teaching 
homophones. Listen and repeat! 
11) HOMOGRAPHS 
Homographs are words which have one spelling but two pronunciations and two distinct 
meanings or usages. Pensando em nossa língua materna, Português, poderíamos citar o caso 
da palavra “colher”. Tanto o verbo quanto o substantivo são escritos da mesma forma. 
Entretanto, apenas no substantivo o fonema /e/ é aberto. 
Now in English: 
lives – pode significar vida, o verbo viver, morar, etc. Então como pronunciar? /lɪvz/ or 
/laɪvz/? 
lɪvz/ = verbo viver,morar. Ex.: He lives in Copacabana. 
/laɪvz/= substantivo vidas. Ex.: Their lives were empty without her. 
read – ler no presente e no passado. Qual a diferença? 
Quando pronuncio /ri:d/? E quando /rɜd/? O primeiro refere-se ao presente e o segundo ao 
passado... 
Então, teacher, qual é a regra? Sorry... Somente conhecendo a palavra, ou consultando no 
dicionário, etc., podemos ter certeza de sua pronúncia. 
Visiting sites: 
http://evaeaston.com/stress-pat-2syl-homo.html read and practice the examples 
http://a4esl.org/q/h/lb/homof.html - do the quizzes, please! 
12) /ɪ/? ou /i:/ ?? 
/ɪ/- Este som vocálico geralmente provoca dúvidas nos brasileiros... Why? Porque ele não é o 
nosso i habitual. It is a shorter and more relaxed sound. It is usually written with the letter ‘i’ 
or (less often) ‘y’ but may also have other spellings: e, ee, ui, u, o. 
Tomemos o famoso ‘IT IS’. Muitos alunos pronunciam erroneamente os dois ‘is’, como se 
fossem os fonemas de português. Soa como ‘itiy is’. Não nos esqueçamos de que nosso i é 
mais longo e forte (entre os sons /i:/ e /ɪ/), enquanto este é curto e relaxado... quase um ‘e’ 
átono... 
 Ex.: it is, ship, did, win, six, fifteen, big, syllable, English, pretty, build, busy, women… 
/i:/ - Ao contrário do som /ɪ/, este som é mais longo e marcado (como se fosse iyyy). It is a 
long sound. Move your tongue up a little as you say it. This sound is usually written with the 
letters e,ee,ea, or ie. But it has other spellings: y, ey, ei, i, eo 
Ex. tea, three, cheese, bean, sheep, Steve, chief, easy, only, money, receive, machine, people 
Now practice and contrast both sounds: 
IT x EAT; SICK x SEEK; SHIP x SHEEP; BIT x BEAT; SLIP x SLEEP; BIN/BEEN x BEAN 
13) MINIMAL PAIRS 
Minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases whose pronunciation differs at only one segment 
and have distinct meanings. Take the example of the pair sheep and ship. They bring one 
difference phoneme, and consequently, different meanings. 
Another example could be the pair "pat" + "bat", which differs in a consonant phoneme. If we 
are not aware of the peculiarities of minimal pairs, we run the risk of mispronouncing words 
and provoking misunderstandings. 
Practice the examples (observe o fonema diferente em cada uma delas. Se necessário, 
consulte a transcrição no dicionário): 
lit - light read - red sing - sang 
bed - bad saw - sought boot - boat 
soot - suit but - boot look - luck 
No/know - now vest - vast dug - dog 
catch - cash jet - chet beige - bays 
 
Please, visit the site http://www.manythings.org/pp/ and listen to the lots of examples on 
minimal pairs, practicing each of them. There are also games and quizzes on this topic. 
Para finalizar a aula, que tal realizar uma prática geral de pronúncia? 
Visit the sites: 
 
http://www.vagalume.com.br/carly-simon/my-romance.html - read the lyrics of the song 
aloud. Then, play the video and sing along. Attention to pronunciation! 
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/sounds/ and 
practice pronunciation tips from BBC – practice every sound – there are lots of videos! 
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/wordsandpictures/phonics/sandcastle/ - play games 
with phonemes!