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NUTRITIONAL CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
-Dr.Aditya Mohite
	Nutritional factors of infertility r categorized under Managemental problems .
	The general principal for all farm animals is more or less same but still spp. It could be discussed as follows : 
CATTLE
	UNDERFEEDING
	OVERFEEDING
	PROTEIN DEFECIENCIES
	VITAMIN DEFECIENCIES
	MINERAL&TRACE MINERAL DEFICIENCIES
UNDERFEEDING
	Delays sexual maturity in heifers &inhibits estrus cycles.
	Main effect is that of deficient energy intake /TDN
	When energy intake in adult animals is low follicles fail to devp to maturity & follicular Atresia develops ;along with loss of sexual desire & anestrous
	Restricted feed intake may affect early embryo but sometimes it may not interrupt gestation but cause stillbirths or birth of weak calves.
	Underfeeding is seen in cattle esp during winter when they r confined & or if ql.& qn. Of feed is ltd. Or reduced
	In older cattle anestrous or irregular cycles are seen as underfeeding reduces secretion of GnRH & other hormones
OVERFEEDING
	OBESITY d/t overfeeding has been a cause of infertility in cattle.
	In over fat animals the ovaries are small &estrus fails to occur.
	Fat deposits in ovaries &ovarian bursa r suspected of interfering with normal ovulation &transport of ovum to oviduct.
	Fat heifers with larger deposits of peri vaginal fat may ve difficulties at parturition.
	Obesity & sterility may arise from hypothyroidism or from a pituitary leision.
PROTEIN DEFECIENCY
	VERY UNCOMMON under normal conditions .
	Delays onset of estrus.
	Although ql. & qn of protein is imp for reproduction deficiency is seldom encountered.
	Reduced intake in late gestation delayed onset of estrus after calving
	Serum albumin concentrations if r reduced affects no. of services per conception.
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
	VITAMIN defciency is ltd to vit.A other vit. R not likely to cause reproductive failure.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
	Affects reprodn almost in all spp.
	Effects occur in latter half of preg.& r characterized by abortion ,birth of weak /calves.
	But its also true that vit.A deficient animals has normal estrus cycles,ovulation,once they conceive also early fetal devpt occurs although epithelial &other ts changes ve taken place. 
	Reqts r high in pregnant females .
 symptoms:
 1.keratinisation &degeneration of placenta, fetal death , abortion ,dystocia ,retained placenta ,septic metritis.
 2.liver has ability to store considerable amts of vit.a for sometime so symptoms takes long time to devp
	Adequate supplementation can overcome infertility.
	In last few years there has been much interest in imp of beta carotene deficiency
	Infertility results from feeding of maize silage low in B-carotene & vit.E 
BETA CAROTENE DEFICIENCY
	In last few years there has been much interest in imp of beta carotene deficiency
	Infertility results from feeding of maize silage low in B-carotene & vit.E.
	CAUSES extended follicular phases , delayed ovulation ,silent heat , annovulation with follicular cyst formation &low conception rates in cows with low B-carotene yet with adeq vit.A
	 
	
	Bovine luteal ts has higest content
	Involved in ovarion steroid prodution or CL formation(JACKSON 1981)
MINERAL & TRACE MINERALS DEFICIENCY 
	Limited to phosphorus &few other trace minerals deficiency ONLY
PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY
	Occurs when diets or soil is deficient in P & if lactating cows aren't fed with suff protein/mineral supplmt to maintain necessary levels of P.
	Evidence is conflicting.
	Symptoms –inanition,poor hair coat, depraved appetite is evident reproduction donot occur.
	Acc to some reports P def area cows ve calves after every 2 yrs.& heifers fail to show estrus upto 2yrs. Of age.
	Some cows may ve 1or2 prds of estrus after calving& then if failed to conceive would not show estrus until end of lactation.
	silent or irregular estrus in heifers seen
	Delayed onset of puberty in heifers.
	Failure of estrus in cows.
	Bld P level below 4mg/100ml blood serum indicates P def.
	Def area cows may fed with mineral supplmts like dicalciumphosphate /bonemeal& cottonseed meal increases fertility
	In addition free access to trace mineralised salt & adding 1% Na-tripolyphosphate or monosodium phosphate could be done.
MANGANESE DEFICIENCY
	Very few reports.
	Under normal cond theres adeq Mg content in pasture to provide min reqt of 80 ppm of Mg in feed however high liming can produce def in pasture.
	Effects seen are: 
 1)reduced conception rates 
 2)anestrus
COBALT Deficiency
	Effects seen are: 
 1)secondary failure of estrus. 
 2)delayed onset of puberty.
 3)poor fertility with signs of anemia ,poor body cond & accurate diagnosis can be done only by est of liver vitamin B12
COPPER DEFICIENCY
	Directly or indirectly d/t ex. Mb as low as 1-2 ppm can cause infertility.
	Effects seen are: 
 1)delayed puberty
 2)anestrus/sub-estrus
 3)poor conception
	Diagnosis made by est of Cu levels in blood.
	Normal values are 0.1mg/dl &less than 0.07mg/dl is def 
	Cu suppmts in form of Cuso4 soln, concentrates or Cu glycinate inj. Give good results.
IODINE & GOITROGENS
	Iodine is not known to affect reprod. pro However lack of iodine depresses thyroid fn. Hypo or Hyper thyrodism may reduce secretion of GnRH by pituitary .
	Disturbances in thyroid fn can also be d/t goitrogenic substances present in kale ,lentils , soya bean ,linseed & certain strains of white clover.
	High levels of this can produce anestrous in heifers.
	Simple iodine def occurs d/t inadequate intake of 0.8ppm results in simple goiter &infertility such as : 
 (a) abortions (b) stillbirths (c) weak calves
 (d) fertilization failure (e) early embryonic .deaths.
	Iodine is usually provided in salt in def. areas also other supplmts.
	
SELENIUM DEFICIENCY
	Deficiency has some relevance with placental retention but its imp in reproduction isnt well estb.
INVESTIGATION OF NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AS A CAUSE OF INFERTILITY 
	NOT possible to determine specific cause of infertility d/t deficient nutrients.
	The most imp factor for poor fertility is unknowingly underfeeding. This is d/t following:
	Over evaluation of feeding value of forages.
	Over estimation of feed intake under self feed condition.
	Failure to appreciate reduction of forage intake caused by high conc intake.
	Underfeeding of conc. d/t error in automatic dispensers which gives short measures.
	Calculation of reqts for maintenance &production of cows
	Accurate information about precise qn that is fed s/b taken.
	Mineral licks & other free access sources r difficult to quantify so weighing ,use of girth band measure or condition scoring is useful. Also detection of metabolic profile helps in evaluating nutritional status of herd in relation to infertility.
MARES
	There has been little or no research on nutrients concerned with mares reproduction.
	Some reports by diff research workers is as follows:
 1)O’CONNOR ,BENGTSSON ,& KNUDSON repoted that racing mares in training may remain in true or ‘deep’ anestrus even in breeding season d/t stress ,overwork ,adrenal insufficiency ,lack of energy or TDN
 
 2)VAN NIEKERK reported that a low level of nutritive feed intake had no effect on fertilization.no embryonicresorbtion took place in mares that concieved on low nutrition plane.
 but mares on low protein &low nutrition plane after 18 days of preg had early embryonic death &resorbtion of embryo b/w 25-31 days after ovulation.but mares on poor ration after 35 days showed normal embryo.
 3) STOWE made obs that supplementation of vit.A & E improved conception rates.
 Obese mares on lush pasture often
are poor breeders & as they do not carry foal do not use up excess TDN consumed.
sows
	EFFECTS seen are :
 1)delay in onset of puberty.
 2)failure of estrus
 3)irregular estrus after weaning
 4)affects embryonic survival d/t overfeeding &high TDN intake immediately after breeding
 5)gilts on protein free diet failed to cycle &concieve normally
6)vit.A def in early pregnancy caused embryonic defects such as absence of eyes or eye defect.
7)Def of vit. E, C, B complex & D are seldom but if present may cause infertility.
8)Sows r the only farm animals in whom def of Ca may affect reproduction
	Sows def in Ca show increased fetal atrophy & stillbirths.
	Estrus &conception occur in Ca def sows even if severe rickets or temporary paralysis present
9)Sows fed on 0.5 ppm Mg showed irregular or absence estrus cycles &resorption of fetuses.
	Sows def in Ca show increased fetal atrophy & stillbirths.
	Estrus &conception occur in Ca def sows even if severe rickets or temporary paralysis present
9)Sows fed on 0.5 ppm Mg showed irregular or absence estrus cycles &resorption of fetuses.
	Sows def in Ca show increased fetal atrophy & stillbirths.
	Estrus &conception occur in Ca def sows even if severe rickets or temporary paralysis present
9)Sows fed on 0.5 ppm Mg showed irregular or absence estrus cycles &resorption of fetuses.
10)Sows with vit.E &Se def had problems in fertility & spraddle legged newborn piglets .These cond improved when supplements were fed.
EWES & DOES
	SAME nutritive def affects reproduction as in cattle.
	Esp. P & Co, vit.A,& protein are found.
	Low plane of nutrition causes sub estrus with undetected estrus with cycles 26-42 days in length.
	 Symptoms of vit.A def r same as in cow.
	VITAMIN A :
 symptoms are same as in cows. Female are more susceptible than male.
 Abortion & birth of weak / dead young ones is seen.
2. COBALT :
 causes def of rumen bacteria, anorexia ,inanition ,debility,failure of estrus ,birth of weak young ones.
3.COPPER, PHOSPHORUS ,IODINE SELENIUM : def effects are also same as in cattle.
4.ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES :
	 pasturing on sub terrenean clover leads to infertility. incidences of sterility may be 30% or more.
	Sterile ewes fail to concieve on repeated services d/t cystic degeneration of endometrium.
	Ovulation occ regularly but fertilazation /implantation failed d/t ‘SWISS CHEESE’ type of endometrium.
 
 
	The “toxic” principle in Dwalganup strain of subterranean clover contains GENISTEIN which is 1/5th as potent as estrone . It is fnd in amts of 100mg/100gm of fresh subterranean clover.
	Increasing amt of grasses in the pasture would control the disease.
	Red clover also has the same effects.
	Estrogens ve been also fnd in legumes like IADINO CLOVER ,BIRDFOOT TREFOIL .
BITCHES & QUEENS
	Nutritional causes for infertility in bitches & queens has not been significantly described as in this spp bcoz mostly endocrine changes or chronic uterine changes may be cause of irregular estrus & sterility.
	Severe emaciation or inanition causes delay in puberty &irregular estrus.
	Protein def cause reduction in GnRH level in blood which causes reproductive malfn
	CHO	VIT.A 	Ca	Cu	P	I	Co
	cattle	40-80mg/dl	660I.U/100kgbw	0.1mg/dl or 50mg/day	14gm/day	1mg	0.03microgm/dl
	Ewes & does	40-80mg/dl	394I.U/45kgbw	3.2g/45kgbw	2.5g/45kgbw	0.8mg	1-3microgm/dl
	Sows 	80-120mg/dl	2200I.U/15kgbw	0.0081kg/15kgbw	3-14mg/kg
	0.0063kg/15kgbw
	mares	65-110mg/dl
	2.5I.U/kgBW	4g/100kgBW	3gm/100kgBW
	Dog & cat	70-120mg/dl	5I.u/100gmfeed
	1.1gm/100gmdiet	0.7mg/100gmdiet	900mg/100gmdiet	0.2mg/100gmdiet	
--------
	VIT.A	Nightblindness,xerophtalmia,keratinization of GItract & reproductive system, deformed litters	Feeding of vit.A rich feeds like maize,geens etc,vitA inj
	CALCIUM	Rickets,osteomalacia,osteoporosis,Ca tetany,cessation of growth,dental maldevpt	Legumes, green leafy crops, bonemeal , fishmeal,dicalciumphosphates,Ca carbonates ,&phosphates
	PHOSPHORUS	Rickets,osteomalacia,pica,lowmilkprodution,subnormal growth 	Wheat bran, rice bran,,cereals,cakes,fishmeal bonemeal
	COBALT	No specific signs,decreased appetite,weight loss,pica,emasiation,fatigue ,pale MM,matting of wool d/t lacrimation in sheep&loss of wool production,insuff prod of vit B12	Oral dosing with Co sulphate &chlorides
i/m inj of vit B 12
	MANGANESE	Poor growth,leg disorders, skeletal abnormalities,enlarged hocks, muscular weakness,increase of back fat in pigs	Maize,oat,wheat,green fodder,brans,mineral supplements &mixtures
	IODINE	Simple goitre,thyroid glandenlarges,swelling of neck or big neck condition,loss of cond,low milk prod,partial/complete aloepesia
Pigs-birth of hairless piglets,myxedema of skin&neck,aloepesia on limbs is marked	Salt ,mineral mixes , K-iodate, 
K-iodide,codliver oil,fishmeal,inj of I with poppy seed oil
	COPPER	Anemia,bonedisorders,depigmentation,abnormal hair &wool growth,enzooticataxia,swayback cond,salt sick cond,stringy wool,coast disease,peat scours	Concentrates,salt licks,Cu sulphates orally or inj,other supplmts&mineral mixes
CATTLE
	According to principles of feeding in cattle feeding 2/3rd nutrient reqt of DM should be met from roughage & remaining 1/3rd from concentrates.
	Thumb rules for roughages :in computation of ration should not contain not less than 1% & not more than 2% of the cows live wt.
	Thumb rules for concentrates :1 kg of conc s/b fed for every additional 2 kg milk i.e a cow yielding 10kg milk must receive 2.5-3kg in addition to adequate roughages.
	
CONTENTS	
DM %	
DCP%	
TDN%	ME
Kcal/kg
	
ROUGHAGES	
 90	
 0.0	
 40.0
	
 1555
	
CONC.MIX
	
 90	
 15.0	
 75	
 2600
	GREEN GRASS	
 15
	
 1.5	
 10	
 350
EWES & GOATS
	DM intake :
 dairy goats:5-6% of total live weight
 meat type:2.5-3% of total live weight
 DM intake increases with increase in feed digestibility up to 3%.
	ENERGY & PROTEIN REQT:
	Energy vary from 365 - 581.3kJ ME/kg BWt
 avg- 413kJ/day/kgBWt
	Protein vary from 0.59g -2.57g DCP/kg BWt
 avg -1.82g DCP/kg BWt 
sows
	INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF FEED REQT :
	
CP%	DE
Kcal/kg	Feed/pig(kg)
	Pre-starter	24	3500	1.5-2.0
	starter	20-22	3500	9.0-11.0
	grower	18	3300	50-60
	IDEAL FEED COMPOSITION :
	MAIZE -50%
	GN CAKE -20%
	MOLASSES -5%
	WHEAT BRAN -18%
	FISH MEAL -5% 
	MINERAL MIX -15%
	COMMON SALT -0.5%
MARES
	Nutrient reqt for maintenance:
	BW	DAILY FEED(KG)	DE(M Cal)	Protein
(G)
	200	3.00	8.24	300
	400	5.04	13.86	268
	500	5.96	16.39	817
DOG
	RECCOMMENDED LEVELS IN FOOD
	Energykcal	CP%	CHO%(soluble)	Ca%	P%
	3.5-4.5	22-32	>23	0.75-1.5	0.6-1.3
-Dr.Aditya Mohite
 THANK YOU